Would he have been surprised to learn that a clock like this was possible?
Nope, a clock is just a simple pattern, it is created on top of some wrapper mechanics which abstract the core rules away. It only looks that complicated because you see all the actions with their overhead at play. The more interesting questions are dealing with infinity while the system isn't bound to a particular pattern. A question of this type can be for example: "Will a given population live forever or die off?". In general, this type of questions cannot be answered, because how can you predict something that is unpredictable? This property of "no way of knowing" is manifested in the so called "halting problem", for example it is not possible to build a compiler that can take any program and decide in finite time whether a program will halt/stop after a finite time or run endlessly. But the halting problem is just the "popular" way of looking at it. Essentially, you cannot predict an outcome for an infinite happening that is not bound to a particular pattern. It is nothing special or magical once you start to look at it that way, and actually this is also reflected in your daily life.
Anyways, I think we can all agree that the thing to marvel at here is the all the human dedication and inquiry that produced this work!
Sure, the same goes to all the great works you can find in Minecraft, btw;)